Hydraulics & Hydrology
CEC-208
Laminar Flow: Flow through circular pipe and parallel plates, Kinetic energy correction factor, Momentum correction factor; Loss of head due to friction; determination of coefficient of viscosity. Boundary Layer: Concept and development of boundary layer, Laminar and turbulent boundary layers and their analysis, boundary layer thickness; Critical Reynolds number; Boundary layer separation and control. Forces on submerged bodies: Forces exerted by flowing fluid, Concept and expression for Drag and lift; Pressure drag and friction drag; Stream line and bluff body; Drag on sphere and cylinder, Terminal velocity of a body, Lift on a circular cylinder, Drag force acting on a rotating cylinder, Development of lift on Airfoil.
Flow through pipes: Loss of head / energy in pipes ‐ Major losses‐friction loss by Darcy Weisbach formula, Chezy’s formula; Types of minor losses; Hydraulic gradient and total energy line, Flow through siphon, Pipes in series, concept of equivalent pipe, flow through parallel and branched pipes; Water hammer in pipes, sudden and gradual closure of valve; Analysis of Pipe network using Hardy Cross method. Hydraulic machines: General layout of hydroelectric power plant, classification of hydraulic turbines, Pelton turbine and its main parts, Analysis and design of Pelton turbine for jet diameter, wheel diameter, width, depth and number of buckets; Hydraulic, mechanical and overall efficiencies of turbine, Introduction to other turbines like Francis and Kaplan turbines, Specific speed and its significance. Pumps: Centrifugal Pump, Introduction, Main parts; Head, efficiencies, specific speed, Cavitations in turbines and centrifugal pumps and their effects and precautions, Main parts of Reciprocating Pump.
Hydrology: Hydrologic Cycle. Water Budget Equation, Precipitation: Types, measurements and analysis, error in estimation, missing data, consistency of rainfall records, Intensity during frequency (IDF) and probabilistic maximum Precipitation (PMP) curves. Evaporation and consumptive use: Process affecting factors, estimation, and measurement techniques. Infiltration: Process affecting factors, measurement and estimation, Infiltration Indices. Surface Runoff: Components and factors affecting runoff, methods of estimation of runoff volume and peak runoff, rating curve, Rainfall – runoff relationships. Hydrograph analysis: components, factors affecting hydrographs, base flow separation, Direct Runoff Hydrograph, Unit Hydrograph: Theory and assumptions. Derivation of Unit Hydrograph, Synthetic Unit Hydrograph.
Ground Water Hydrology: Zones of underground water, Aquifers and their types, important terms, Determination of discharge through unconfined and confined aquifers with steady flow conditions, Interference among wells, determination of aquifer constants, Well loss and specific capacity, efficiency of a well, types of water wells, bored and open wells, specific yield of a well, type of tube wells, well shrouding and well development, Suitable site selection for tube well, Types of open wells, Methods of lifting water. Infiltration galleries and Infiltration well.